https://bugs.winehq.org/show_bug.cgi?id=50136
--- Comment #3 from Brendan Shanks bshanks@codeweavers.com --- If you have a native 'vulkan-1.dll' in the DLL search path, that will be used rather than Wine's builtin vulkan-1. You need to put your loader in the prefix at c:\windows\system32\vulkan-1.dll (and syswow64\ for 32-bit).
If you're just trying to use the unmodified official loader, the LunarG runtime installer is an easy way to install it: https://sdk.lunarg.com/sdk/download/latest/windows/vulkan-runtime.exe