https://bugs.winehq.org/show_bug.cgi?id=56020
--- Comment #6 from NM64+bugs.winehq.org@PM.me --- Forgot to say that this exact issue and the two more minor issues also occurs with the original unmodified Japanese language version as well, but I figured the English version would be more useful to people considering this is one of those non-unicode applications and therefore still requires Japanese fonts even if you run it under Japanese locale.
Nevertheless, you can find the original unmodified Japanese version listed as the very first release on vndb.org/v11 or just directly retrieve it from: http://www.typemoon.com/down_file/FateTrialSetup.exe
And at least for future self-reference, the terminal command I used for installing Japanese locale was:
sudo locale-gen ja_JP.utf8
...and the terminal command for running with Japanese locale was (replacing "program.exe" with whatever the filename is):
LANG="ja_JP.UTF-8" wine program.exe